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labour movement
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1919
January
31
The Battle of George Square
On 31 January 1919 Glasgow police broke up a rally of strikers seeking a 40-hour week. The sheriff read the Riot Act and called in troops, who came overnight.
1920
March
15
The Ruhr uprising
On 15 March 1920 workers at Wetter routed a Freikorps unit. A strike against the Kapp Putsch became an uprising, bloodily crushed in early April.
1923
October
23
The Hamburg uprising
On 23 October 1923 communists in Hamburg attacked police stations. It was meant to be the “German October”; it ended in defeat after two days.
1933
May
01
The Day of National Labour
On 1 May 1933 the Nazis turned the workers’ holiday into a state Day of National Labour. At Tempelhof Hitler addressed a crowd estimated at over a million.
02
The abolition of the trade unions in Germany
On 2 May 1933 the SA, SS and Nazi factory cells seized the offices of the free trade unions and arrested their leaders. The unions were absorbed by the DAF.
1934
February
12
The Austrian Civil War
On 12 February 1934 in Linz the Social Democratic Schutzbund resisted the police. In four days the army and the Heimwehr crushed the rising; about 350 died.
October
05
The Spanish revolution of 1934
On 5 October 1934 the Socialists called a general strike against CEDA joining the government. Asturian miners took up arms; Catalonia proclaimed a state.
1941
May
10
The strike of the 100,000
On 10 May 1941, the anniversary of the invasion, a strike began at the Cockerill works in Seraing and spread to 60,000–70,000 workers in occupied Belgium.
27
The miners’ strike in Nord-Pas-de-Calais
On 27 May 1941 a strike began at the Dourges mine that spread to over 100,000 miners in northern France. The Germans replied with arrests and deportations.
December
09
The miners’ strike in the Belgian Congo
On 9 December 1941 Force Publique soldiers opened fire on striking Union Minière miners at the football stadium in Élisabethville. Dozens were killed.
1942
June
03
State control of coal mining
On 3 June 1942 Churchill's government published a White Paper on coal. The state took over the running of the mines; private companies still owned them.
1943
October
29
The London dock strike
War chronologies record that on 29 October 1943 troops replaced striking London dockers. Sources do not confirm this, but strikes were rising that autumn.
1944
January
24
The Belgian social pact
In occupied Belgium trade unionists, industrialists and officials secretly agreed a “social pact” – an outline of the post-war social security system.
March
01
The strikes in northern Italy
On 1 March 1944 a general strike began in Turin, Milan, Genoa and other cities of occupied Italy. The Germans and the Salò Fascists replied with deportations.