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Vatican
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(08)
1929
February
11
The Lateran Treaty
On 11 February 1929 Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri signed the Lateran Treaty, ending Italy's quarrel with the papacy and creating the Vatican City State.
June
07
The ratification of the Lateran Treaty
On 7 June 1929 Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri exchanged ratifications of the Lateran Treaty in the Vatican. At noon the Vatican City State was born.
1933
July
14
The NSDAP becomes the only party
On 14 July 1933 Hitler’s government passed a law declaring the NSDAP the only party in Germany. The same day it adopted a law on compulsory sterilisation.
1939
October
20
The encyclical Summi Pontificatus
On 20 October 1939 Pius XII signed his first encyclical. It condemned racism and the deified state and mourned Poland, but named neither Germany nor the USSR.
1943
July
19
The first bombing of Rome
On 19 July 1943 US bombers struck Rome’s railway yards and airfields. Some 1,500–3,000 people died, while at Feltre Mussolini stayed silent before Hitler.
November
05
Bombs on the Vatican
On 5 November 1943 a lone aircraft bombed the Vatican, wrecking the mosaic workshop. The culprit is unknown; RSI Fascists are most often blamed.
1944
February
15
Key event
The destruction of the Abbey of Monte Cassino
On 15 February 1944 Allied bombers destroyed the Benedictine abbey on Monte Cassino. Civilians died, the Germans took over the ruins, and the attack failed.
March
01
The second bombing of the Vatican
On 1 March 1944 six small bombs fell just outside the Vatican wall, killing a workman and damaging the Holy Office. The British privately admitted a mistake.