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fascism
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1920
December
24
Bloody Christmas in Fiume
On Christmas Eve 1920 the Italian army attacked D'Annunzio's legionaries, who rejected the Treaty of Rapallo. After five days of fighting he gave up power.
1921
April
24
Elections in the Free State of Fiume
On 24 April 1921 Fiume elected a Constituent Assembly. Riccardo Zanella's autonomists, opponents of annexation, won, and the fascists burned the ballot boxes.
November
09
The founding of the National Fascist Party
On 9 November 1921 a congress at Rome's Teatro Augusteo turned the Fasci di combattimento into the National Fascist Party, with Mussolini as its leader.
1922
October
29
Key event
Mussolini becomes prime minister
On 29 October 1922, after the March on Rome and his own refusal to declare a state of siege, King Victor Emmanuel III summoned Mussolini to form a government.
1924
March
16
Italy annexes Fiume
On 16 March 1924 King Victor Emmanuel III formally proclaimed Fiume's union with Italy in the city. Mussolini had forced Yugoslavia to partition the Free State.
April
06
The Italian general election of 1924
On 6 April 1924 Mussolini's list won about 65% of the vote and 374 of 535 seats. The election under the Acerbo Law was marred by violence and fraud.
June
10
The murder of Giacomo Matteotti
On 10 June 1924 a Fascist squad abducted and killed the Socialist Giacomo Matteotti in Rome. Mussolini ended the ensuing crisis by setting up a dictatorship.
1929
June
07
The ratification of the Lateran Treaty
On 7 June 1929 Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri exchanged ratifications of the Lateran Treaty in the Vatican. At noon the Vatican City State was born.
1934
February
12
The Austrian Civil War
On 12 February 1934 in Linz the Social Democratic Schutzbund resisted the police. In four days the army and the Heimwehr crushed the rising; about 350 died.
1939
March
25
The Italian ultimatum to Albania
On 25 March 1939 Rome sent Tirana a draft treaty that would strip Albania of its independence. King Zog I played for time while Mussolini prepared a landing.
April
01
The end of the Spanish Civil War
On 1 April 1939 Franco announced in his last communiqué that the war was over. Casado's coup had sunk the Republic, and the victors began their reckoning.
May
09
Spain leaves the League of Nations
On 8 May 1939 Franco’s government decided to leave the League of Nations; Geneva recorded the notice on 9 May. Spain followed Germany, Italy and Japan.
September
21
The assassination of Armand Călinescu
On 21 September 1939 Iron Guard legionaries shot the Romanian prime minister Armand Călinescu in Bucharest. Hundreds of legionaries were executed without trial.
1940
May
23
The internment of Oswald Mosley
On 23 May 1940 police detained Oswald Mosley and leading members of the British Union of Fascists. Churchill's government widened internment without trial.
June
28
The death of Italo Balbo
On 28 June 1940 Italian anti-aircraft guns over Tobruk mistakenly shot down the aircraft of Marshal Italo Balbo, Governor of Libya. Nine people were killed.
September
06
The abdication of Carol II
On 6 September 1940 Carol II handed the throne to 18-year-old Michael and fled. General Ion Antonescu took power in Romania in alliance with the Iron Guard.
1941
January
05
Degrelle declares for Nazism
On 5 January 1941, at a rally in Liège, the Rexist leader Léon Degrelle proclaimed the kinship of Rex and Nazism and ended his speech with “Heil Hitler!”.
21
The Legionnaires’ rebellion and the Bucharest pogrom
On 21–23 January 1941 the Iron Guard rose against Antonescu and staged a pogrom in Bucharest in which some 125 Jews were killed. The army crushed the revolt.
April
14
The Antwerp pogrom
On 14 April 1941, after a screening of The Eternal Jew, Flemish collaborators attacked Antwerp's Jewish quarter and burned two synagogues and a rabbi's house.
1942
September
20
The PEAN bombing in Athens
On 20 September 1942 the resistance group PEAN blew up the Athens offices of ESPO, a collaborationist party recruiting Greeks to fight for Germany in the east.
1943
July
25
Key event
The fall of Mussolini
On 25 July 1943, after a vote in the Grand Council of Fascism, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini, had him arrested and handed power to Badoglio.
1944
January
11
The execution of Ciano
On 11 January 1944 Galeazzo Ciano, De Bono and three other Fascist leaders, sentenced by a Salò court for voting against Mussolini, were shot in Verona.
1945
April
28
The death of Mussolini
On 27 April 1945 partisans captured Mussolini at Dongo; on 28 April they shot him with Clara Petacci, and on 29 April the bodies were put on display in Milan.