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antisemitism
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1925
July
18
The publication of Mein Kampf
On 18 July 1925 the first volume of Mein Kampf, written by Hitler in prison, appeared. In it he announced a war for living space and a fight against the Jews.
1933
March
24
“Judea Declares War on Germany”
On 24 March 1933 the Daily Express announced on its front page that “Judea Declares War on Germany”. The boycott headline became fuel for Nazi propaganda.
25
The anti-Nazi boycott
In spring 1933 Jews in the US, Britain and Poland began boycotting German goods. On 25 March Göring demanded that German Jews put a stop to it.
April
01
The boycott of Jewish businesses
On 1 April 1933 SA men took up posts outside Jewish shops across Germany. It was the Nazi state's first nationwide action against the Jews.
August
25
The Haavara Agreement
In August 1933 Zionists and the Reich Ministry of Economics concluded a transfer agreement that let Jews leaving for Palestine save part of their property.
1935
September
15
Key event
The Nuremberg Laws
On 15 September 1935 the Reichstag, meeting at the Nazi rally in Nuremberg, passed laws that stripped Jews of civil rights and banned their marriage to Germans.
1936
February
06
The Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen
On 6 February 1936 Hitler opened the Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Antisemitic signs came down and the regime showed the world a gentle face.
August
01
The Berlin Olympics
On 1 August 1936 Hitler opened the Games of the XI Olympiad in Berlin. The regime staged a huge propaganda spectacle, and Jesse Owens won four gold medals.
1938
July
06
The Évian Conference
On 6 July 1938 delegates of 32 countries met at Évian-les-Bains to help refugees from the Reich. Nearly all expressed sympathy and declined to take in Jews.
October
05
The “J” stamp in passports
On 5 October 1938 the Reich invalidated Jews’ passports. New ones bore a red J so Switzerland and other countries could easily turn refugees away.
November
07
Grynszpan's attack
On 7 November 1938, at the German embassy in Paris, 17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan shot the diplomat Ernst vom Rath to avenge his family’s expulsion to Zbąszyń.
09
Key event
Kristallnacht
On 9–10 November 1938 the Nazis burned synagogues across the Reich, wrecked thousands of shops, killed hundreds of Jews and sent 30,000 men to camps.
1939
January
24
Göring entrusts Heydrich with Jewish emigration
On 24 January 1939 Göring ordered a Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration under Heydrich. The SS and police took over the expulsion of Germany’s Jews.
October
30
The British White Paper on concentration camps
On 30 October 1939 London published diplomats’ reports of 1938–1939 on terror in Germany, describing the beating and starving of Dachau and Buchenwald inmates.
November
23
Star of David armbands
On 23 November 1939 Hans Frank ordered Jews in the General Government aged 10 and over to wear a white armband with a blue Star of David from 1 December.
1941
April
14
The Antwerp pogrom
On 14 April 1941, after a screening of The Eternal Jew, Flemish collaborators attacked Antwerp's Jewish quarter and burned two synagogues and a rabbi's house.
May
19
The Gabès pogrom
On 19–20 May 1941 a pogrom in Gabès, Vichy Tunisia, left seven Jews dead and about twenty wounded.
July
10
The Jedwabne pogrom
On 10 July 1941 Polish residents of Jedwabne, acting on German inspiration, murdered their Jewish neighbours. The IPN puts the dead at no fewer than 340.
September
01
The Star of David in the Reich
On 1 September 1941 Heydrich signed a decree requiring Jews aged six and over in the Reich and the Protectorate to wear a yellow “Jude” star from 19 September.
1942
January
30
Hitler's speech of 30 January 1942
On the 9th anniversary of his taking power, Hitler repeated his “prophecy” of the annihilation of the Jews and blamed the retreat from Moscow on the frost.
March
26
The star on the doors of Jewish homes
In spring 1942 the Gestapo ordered Jews in the Reich to mark their front doors with a paper Star of David. In Berlin the order applied from 26 March 1942.
May
27
The Star of David in Belgium and France
On 27 May 1942 the German military administration in Belgium, and on 29 May in occupied France, ordered Jews aged six and over to wear a yellow Star of David.
July
11
The round-up in Liberty Square in Salonika
On 11 July 1942 the Germans herded 9,000 Jewish men into Liberty Square in Salonika, humiliated them for hours and registered them for forced labour.