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Russia
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(11)
1905
September
05
The Treaty of Portsmouth
On 5 September 1905 Russia and Japan made peace at Portsmouth. Japan won a free hand in Korea, Port Arthur, a South Manchurian railway and half of Sakhalin.
1917
March
12
The February Revolution
On 12 March 1917 the Petrograd garrison joined the strikers. Within days the monarchy fell, and power was shared by the Provisional Government and the Soviet.
November
07
Key event
The October Revolution
On 7 November 1917 Lenin's Bolsheviks took Petrograd almost unopposed and toppled the Provisional Government. The road to civil war and the USSR began.
1919
February
14
Key event
The Polish–Soviet War begins
On 14 February 1919 Polish troops clashed with the Red Army at Mosty on the Neman and at Bereza Kartuska. A war began that would last until the autumn of 1920.
March
02
The founding of the Comintern
On 2 March 1919 communists from many countries met in the Kremlin. On 4 March they founded the Third International to build a world republic of soviets.
1921
March
07
The Kronstadt rebellion
On 7 March 1921 the Red Army began its assault on Kronstadt, whose sailors demanded free soviets without the Bolsheviks. The revolt was crushed on 18 March.
18
The Peace of Riga
On 18 March 1921 Poland made peace with Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine at Riga, ending the war and fixing the eastern border the USSR broke in 1939.
July
13
The Russian famine
On 13 July 1921 Maxim Gorky appealed to the world to save starving Russia. The Volga famine, caused by drought and requisitions, killed an estimated 5 million.
1922
March
01
Secret German–Soviet military cooperation begins
In spring 1922 the first Reichswehr officers travelled to Soviet Russia, opening a partnership in which Germany evaded the Versailles bans deep inside Russia.
April
16
The Treaty of Rapallo
On 16 April 1922 Germany and Soviet Russia, outcasts of post-war Europe, established relations at Rapallo and waived all claims, alarming the West and Poland.
October
25
The end of the Russian Civil War
On 25 October 1922 the Japanese left Vladivostok and the Far Eastern Republic’s army marched in. The last White bastion fell and the civil war was over.