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Battles
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Glossary
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Military operations
Category
(1014)
1918–1938
41
1939
61
1940
105
1941
151
1942
184
1943
139
1944
210
1945
123
1918
November
13
The Hungarian–Romanian War begins
On 13 November 1918 Hungary signed an Allied military convention in Belgrade as Romanian patrols crossed the Carpathians. The fight for Transylvania began.
December
27
The Greater Poland Uprising begins
On 27 December 1918, a day after Paderewski arrived, shots rang out by the Hotel Bazar in Poznań. By night Poles held the station, post office and some forts.
1919
February
14
Key event
The Polish–Soviet War begins
On 14 February 1919 Polish troops clashed with the Red Army at Mosty on the Neman and at Bereza Kartuska. A war began that would last until the autumn of 1920.
May
15
The Greek landing at Smyrna
On 15 May 1919 Greek troops landed at Smyrna with the consent of the powers. The shooting and killing of Turks that day inflamed Turkish resistance.
August
03
The Romanians enter Budapest
On 3 August 1919 General Rusescu’s Romanian cavalry rode into Budapest, followed by the main force on 4 August. The Hungarian–Romanian War was over.
1920
March
15
The Ruhr uprising
On 15 March 1920 workers at Wetter routed a Freikorps unit. A strike against the Kapp Putsch became an uprising, bloodily crushed in early April.
October
09
Żeligowski's mutiny
On 9 October 1920 General Żeligowski's division, staging a mutiny on Piłsudski's orders, took Wilno. The dispute split Poland and Lithuania until 1938.
December
24
Bloody Christmas in Fiume
On Christmas Eve 1920 the Italian army attacked D'Annunzio's legionaries, who rejected the Treaty of Rapallo. After five days of fighting he gave up power.
1921
March
07
The Kronstadt rebellion
On 7 March 1921 the Red Army began its assault on Kronstadt, whose sailors demanded free soviets without the Bolsheviks. The revolt was crushed on 18 March.
1922
October
25
The end of the Russian Civil War
On 25 October 1922 the Japanese left Vladivostok and the Far Eastern Republic’s army marched in. The last White bastion fell and the civil war was over.
1923
August
31
The Corfu incident
On 31 August 1923 the Italian fleet shelled Corfu and landed troops. Mussolini avenged the killing of General Tellini and defied the League of Nations.
October
23
The Hamburg uprising
On 23 October 1923 communists in Hamburg attacked police stations. It was meant to be the “German October”; it ended in defeat after two days.
1928
May
03
The Jinan incident
On 3 May 1928 Japanese troops clashed with Chiang Kai-shek's forces in Jinan. The Japanese took the city, and thousands of Chinese, mostly civilians, died.
1931
September
18
Key event
The Mukden incident
On 18 September 1931 Kwantung Army officers blew up a stretch of railway near Mukden, blamed the Chinese and that same night attacked the Chinese barracks.
19
The Japanese invasion of Manchuria begins
On 19 September 1931 the Kwantung Army took Mukden and the railway towns. Tokyo said it did not want the fighting to spread, but the army ignored it.
1932
January
28
The Shanghai incident
On 28 January 1932 Japanese naval infantry attacked the Chinese district of Zhabei in Shanghai. Five weeks of fighting ended with an armistice on 5 May.
February
27
The end of the fighting in Manchuria
By late February 1932 the Kwantung Army held every major city in Manchuria. Regular Chinese resistance had collapsed, but a guerrilla war was just beginning.
November
04
The pacification of Manchukuo
In the autumn of 1932 the Kwantung Army mounted large operations against the Chinese volunteer armies. The “bandit suppression” in Manchukuo lasted until 1942.
1933
January
01
The defence of the Great Wall begins
On the night of 1 January 1933 the Japanese provoked a shoot-out at Shanhaiguan. On 3 January they took the fortress at the Great Wall's eastern end.
1934
February
12
The Austrian Civil War
On 12 February 1934 in Linz the Social Democratic Schutzbund resisted the police. In four days the army and the Heimwehr crushed the rising; about 350 died.
October
05
The Spanish revolution of 1934
On 5 October 1934 the Socialists called a general strike against CEDA joining the government. Asturian miners took up arms; Catalonia proclaimed a state.
16
The Long March begins
In mid-October 1934 the main forces of the Chinese Red Army crossed the river at Yudu and abandoned Jiangxi. The Long March had begun.
December
05
The Walwal incident
On 5 December 1934 Ethiopian soldiers and Somalis in Italian service clashed at the Walwal wells in the Ogaden. Mussolini made it a pretext for war.
1935
October
03
Key event
Italy attacks Ethiopia
On 3 October 1935 Mussolini's troops crossed into Ethiopia without a declaration of war. The League of Nations imposed sanctions but left out oil.
1936
May
05
The Italians take Addis Ababa
On 5 May 1936 Marshal Badoglio led his troops into Addis Ababa. Mussolini declared the war over, but Ethiopia never surrendered; resistance lasted until 1941.
July
18
Key event
The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War
On 17–18 July 1936 generals rose against the Republic. The coup succeeded in Morocco and parts of Spain but failed in Madrid and Barcelona. Spain split in two.
November
14
The Suiyuan campaign
On 14 November 1936 Japanese-backed collaborationist troops attacked Hongort in Suiyuan. The Chinese repulsed them and took Bailingmiao on 24 November.
15
The Condor Legion goes into action
In November 1936 Hitler sent Hugo Sperrle's Condor Legion to Spain. By the middle of the month its aircraft were already fighting over besieged Madrid.
December
23
Italian troops land at Cádiz
On 23 December 1936 about 3,000 Italian Blackshirts came ashore at Cádiz, the first wave of a corps soon named the Corpo Truppe Volontarie.
1937
May
07
Condor Legion fighters in Spain
In the spring of 1937 the Condor Legion’s fighter group brought the Messerschmitt Bf 109 into combat in Spain, and its pilots developed new air-combat tactics.
July
07
Key event
The Marco Polo Bridge incident
On the night of 7–8 July 1937 shots near the Marco Polo Bridge outside Beijing sparked a Sino-Japanese clash that grew into an eight-year war.
August
08
The Japanese take Beijing
On 8 August 1937 the Japanese made a ceremonial entry into Beijing, abandoned by the Chinese 29th Army on 28–29 July. The occupation lasted until 1945.
13
The Battle of Shanghai begins
On 13 August 1937 fighting broke out in Shanghai between the Chinese army and Japanese naval infantry. The war spread from northern China to its heart.
November
26
The end of the Battle of Shanghai
On 26 November 1937 the Chinese abandoned the Wuxi–Jiangyin line. The Battle of Shanghai ended in defeat for China, and the Japanese moved on Nanjing.
December
01
The Battle of Nanjing begins
On 1 December 1937 Imperial GHQ in Tokyo ordered the capture of Nanjing, China's capital, defended by General Tang Shengzhi with troops bled white at Shanghai.
12
The Panay incident
On 12 December 1937 Japanese aircraft sank the US gunboat Panay and three tankers on the Yangtze near Nanjing. Tokyo apologised and paid compensation.
1938
March
06
The Japanese reach the Yellow River
In early March 1938 Japanese troops from North China reached the middle Yellow River in Shanxi and Henan. For years the river became a front line.
24
The Battle of Taierzhuang begins
On 24 March 1938 the Japanese attacked the small town of Taierzhuang on the Grand Canal. After two weeks of fighting China won its first major victory.
May
19
The fall of Xuzhou
On 19 May 1938 the Japanese entered the abandoned city of Xuzhou. They took a key railway junction, but the main Chinese forces escaped encirclement.
July
29
The fighting at Lake Khasan begins
On 29 July 1938 the Japanese attacked a Soviet post on Bezymyannaya Hill by Lake Khasan. A dispute over two hills became a two-week battle.
August
11
The end of the fighting at Lake Khasan
On 11 August 1938 a ceasefire took effect at Lake Khasan. The USSR regained the disputed hills at great cost; Japan judged them not worth fighting for.