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Diplomacy

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1905

September

05
- The Treaty of PortsmouthOn 5 September 1905 Russia and Japan made peace at Portsmouth. Japan won a free hand in Korea, Port Arthur, a South Manchurian railway and half of Sakhalin.

1918

November

11
- Key eventThe Armistice of 11 November 1918Early on 11 November 1918, in Foch’s carriage in the Forest of Compiègne, Germany signed an armistice with the Entente. At 11 a.m. the guns fell silent.

1919

January

18
- The Paris Peace Conference opensOn 18 January 1919, at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay, President Poincaré opened the peace conference. The defeated and Russia were absent.

February

13
- The Japanese racial equality proposalOn 13 February 1919 Nobuaki Makino proposed adding racial equality to the League of Nations Covenant. Australian and American opposition buried it.

June

28
- Key eventThe Treaty of VersaillesOn 28 June 1919 Germany signed the peace in the Hall of Mirrors. It lost land and colonies, was disarmed, and Article 231 laid the blame for the war on it.

September

10
- The Treaty of Saint-GermainOn 10 September 1919 Karl Renner signed peace with the Entente. Austria lost the Sudetenland and South Tyrol, was renamed and barred from union with Germany.

November

27
- The Treaty of NeuillyOn 27 November 1919 Bulgaria signed peace with the Entente at Neuilly. It lost Western Thrace and access to the Aegean, and its army was cut to 20,000.

1920

January

21
- The end of the Paris Peace ConferenceOn 21 January 1920 the peace conference's council met for the last time with Clemenceau. Day-to-day business passed to the Conference of Ambassadors.

June

04
- The Treaty of TrianonOn 4 June 1920 Hungary signed peace with the Entente at Versailles. It lost two thirds of the kingdom's lands and over three million Hungarians ended up abroad.

August

10
- The Treaty of SèvresOn 10 August 1920 the Sultan's government signed a peace at Sèvres carving up the Ottoman Empire. Mustafa Kemal's movement overturned it by force.

1921

March

18
- The Peace of RigaOn 18 March 1921 Poland made peace with Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine at Riga, ending the war and fixing the eastern border the USSR broke in 1939.

August

1922

February

06
- The Washington Naval TreatyOn 6 February 1922 the US, Britain, Japan, France and Italy signed a naval treaty in Washington that limited their battleship fleets.

April

16
- The Treaty of RapalloOn 16 April 1922 Germany and Soviet Russia, outcasts of post-war Europe, established relations at Rapallo and waived all claims, alarming the West and Poland.

October

11
- The Armistice of MudanyaOn 11 October 1922 at Mudanya on the Sea of Marmara, Ankara made an armistice with the Allies. Greece gave up Eastern Thrace and the war with Turkey ended.

1923

July

24
- The Treaty of LausanneOn 24 July 1923 at Lausanne, Turkey made peace with the Allied powers and Greece. The treaty replaced Sèvres and recognised the new Turkish state's sovereignty.

September

27
- The end of the Corfu incidentOn 27 September 1923 the Italians left Corfu. A day earlier the Conference of Ambassadors awarded them 50 million lire from Greece, its guilt unproven.

1924

February

01
- Britain recognises the USSROn 1 February 1924 the first Labour government recognised the Soviet Union de jure. Britain was the first victorious great power to break Moscow's isolation.

1925

January

20
- The Soviet–Japanese Basic ConventionOn 20 January 1925 in Beijing, Japan and the USSR established relations. Japan gave up northern Sakhalin for oil concessions; Moscow recognised Portsmouth.

December

01
- Key eventThe Locarno TreatiesOn 1 December 1925 the Locarno agreements were signed in London. Germany recognised its borders with France and Belgium, but not with Poland or Czechoslovakia.

1926

April

24
- The Treaty of Berlin (1926)On 24 April 1926 Germany and the USSR signed a treaty of friendship and neutrality. After Locarno, Berlin assured Moscow it was keeping to the Rapallo policy.

September

08
- Germany joins the League of NationsOn 8 September 1926 the League of Nations Assembly admitted Germany with a permanent seat on the Council – the crowning of Stresemann’s Locarno policy.

1927

May

20
- The Treaty of JeddahOn 20 May 1927 Britain recognised the full independence of Ibn Saud’s Kingdom of the Hejaz and Nejd. It took the name Saudi Arabia in 1932.

December

14
- The Anglo-Iraqi treatyOn 14 December 1927 in London Britain recognised Iraq as independent and promised to back its entry to the League of Nations in 1932. Yet the mandate went on.

1928

August

1929

February

March

28
- The end of the Jinan incidentOn 28 March 1929 Japan and the Nanjing government settled the Jinan affair. Japan left Shandong in May, and the question of the victims was shelved for good.

April

03
- Persia joins the Litvinov ProtocolOn 3 April 1929 Persia joined the Litvinov Protocol, renouncing war with the USSR – which in 1941, together with Britain, marched into its territory.

June

07
- The ratification of the Lateran TreatyOn 7 June 1929 Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri exchanged ratifications of the Lateran Treaty in the Vatican. At noon the Vatican City State was born.

July

24
- The Kellogg–Briand Pact comes into forceOn 24 July 1929 Hoover announced at the White House that the Kellogg–Briand Pact was in force. It bound 46 states, while a railway dispute brewed in Manchuria.

1930

April

22
- The London Naval TreatyOn 22 April 1930 five powers signed a naval treaty in London. It limited cruisers, destroyers and submarines, and set off a crisis in Japan.

1932

January

07
- The Stimson DoctrineOn 7 January 1932 the US told Japan and China it would not recognise any situation or agreement in Manchuria reached in breach of the Kellogg–Briand Pact.

May

04
- The Soviet–Estonian non-aggression pactOn 4 May 1932 in Moscow the USSR and Estonia signed a non-aggression treaty. The 1939 bases pact called it a foundation of their relations.

July

25
- The Polish–Soviet non-aggression pactOn 25 July 1932 in Moscow Poland and the USSR signed a three-year non-aggression pact. The USSR broke it on 17 September 1939 by invading Poland.

1933

March

27
- Japan leaves the League of NationsOn 27 March 1933 Japan gave notice that it was leaving the League of Nations, in retaliation for the adoption of a report that refused to recognise Manchukuo.

May

31
- The Tanggu TruceOn 31 May 1933 China and Japan signed a truce at Tanggu. Chinese troops left the zone between the Great Wall and Beijing, and Japan kept Rehe.

September

02
- The Italo-Soviet pact of friendshipOn 2 September 1933 Fascist Italy and the USSR concluded a pact of friendship, non-aggression and neutrality in Rome. Both feared Hitler’s Germany.

October

19
- Germany leaves the League of NationsOn 19 October 1933 Berlin formally gave notice of leaving the League of Nations. Hitler had announced it on 14 October, also quitting disarmament talks.

November

16
- The US recognises the USSROn 16 November 1933 Roosevelt and Litvinov exchanged notes in Washington establishing relations. The US was the last great power to recognise the USSR.

1934

January

26
- The German–Polish declaration of non-aggressionOn 26 January 1934 in Berlin Poland and Germany pledged not to settle disputes by force for ten years. Hitler repudiated the declaration in April 1939.

February

09
- The Balkan PactOn 9 February 1934 in Athens Greece, Yugoslavia, Romania and Turkey guaranteed each other’s Balkan borders. Bulgaria and Albania stayed out of the Entente.

May

05
- The extension of the Polish–Soviet non-aggression pactOn 5 May 1934 in Moscow Poland and the USSR extended their non-aggression pact to the end of 1945. Moscow also confirmed it did not dispute Polish Wilno.

September

18
- The USSR joins the League of NationsOn 18 September 1934 the League Assembly admitted the USSR and gave it a permanent Council seat. Moscow was betting on collective security against Hitler.

December

29
- Japan renounces the naval treatiesOn 29 December 1934 Japan gave the US notice that it was renouncing the Washington Treaty. Fleet limits expired at the end of 1936 and a new arms race began.

1935

June

18
- The Anglo-German Naval AgreementOn 18 June 1935 Britain agreed that Germany's navy could reach 35 per cent of British tonnage, setting aside the naval limits of Versailles on its own.

1936

March

25
- The Second London Naval TreatyOn 25 March 1936 the US, Britain and France signed the Second London Treaty. Without Japan and Italy, it limited only the size of warships, not of fleets.

November

25
- The Anti-Comintern PactOn 25 November 1936 Germany and Japan signed an agreement against the Comintern in Berlin. A secret protocol aimed at the USSR did not bind them to a joint war.

1937

February

21
- The ban on volunteers for SpainOn the night of 20–21 February 1937 a ban on volunteers for Spain, agreed by the Non-Intervention Committee in London, came into force. No one enforced it.

October

November

06
- Italy joins the Anti-Comintern PactOn 6 November 1937 in Rome, Ciano, Ribbentrop and Japan's ambassador signed Italy's accession to the pact, creating the Berlin–Rome–Tokyo triangle.

December

11
- Italy leaves the League of NationsOn 11 December 1937 the Fascist Grand Council decided Italy would leave the League of Nations; Mussolini announced it from a balcony. The cause was Ethiopia.

1938

January

26
- The Allison incidentOn 26 January 1938 a Japanese soldier in Nanjing slapped the US diplomat John M. Allison, who was investigating a rape. Japan apologised.

July

06
- The Évian ConferenceOn 6 July 1938 delegates of 32 countries met at Évian-les-Bains to help refugees from the Reich. Nearly all expressed sympathy and declined to take in Jews.

September

1939

March

April

May

June

July

10
- Chamberlain on DanzigOn 10 July 1939 Chamberlain told the House of Commons that an attempt to seize Danzig threatening Polish independence would trigger the British guarantee.

August

September

October

November

December

1940

February

March

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

08
- Franco refuses to enter the warOn 7 December 1940 Franco told Canaris that Spain could not enter the war on 10 January. Hitler called off Operation Felix, the attack on Gibraltar.

1941

January

March

April

May

June

July

August

October

30
- Lend-Lease for the USSROn 30 October 1941 Roosevelt approved the supplies agreed in Moscow and offered Stalin an interest-free credit of a billion dollars under Lend-Lease.

November

December

1942

January

April

May

June

August

December

17
- Key eventThe Allied declaration on the extermination of the JewsOn 17 December 1942 Anthony Eden read to the Commons a declaration by 11 governments and the Free French condemning the murder of the Jews. MPs rose in silence.

1943

January

March

16
- Stalin demands a second frontIn March 1943 Congress extended Lend-Lease, and on 15–16 March Stalin warned Churchill and Roosevelt against further delay to an invasion of France.

April

May

12
- The Trident ConferenceOn 12 May 1943 Churchill and Roosevelt opened the Trident Conference in Washington. It set 1 May 1944 as the date for the cross-Channel invasion.

July

28
- Jan Karski meets RooseveltOn 28 July 1943 Jan Karski, courier of the Polish Underground State, told President Roosevelt at the White House about the occupation and the Holocaust.

August

September

October

November

1944

February

16
- Finnish peace feelersOn 16 February 1944 Juho Kusti Paasikivi met Alexandra Kollontai in Stockholm to learn the Soviet peace terms. No armistice was signed at that stage.

March

21
- Finland rejects the Soviet termsOn 21 March 1944 Moscow announced that Finland had not accepted its peace terms. That same day Helsinki agreed to send a delegation to Moscow.

August

21
- The Dumbarton Oaks ConferenceOn 21 August 1944 the US, Britain and the USSR, later joined by China, began Washington talks on a post-war organisation. They produced the outline of the UN.

September

October

December

28
- Churchill in AthensFrom 25 to 28 December 1944 Churchill and Eden were in strife-torn Athens. A conference of Greek parties brought no truce but did agree on a regency.

1945

January

30
- The Malta ConferenceOn 30 January 1945 British and American chiefs of staff met on Malta to agree the plan for the attack on Germany before Yalta. Roosevelt joined on 2 February.

February

March

April

12
- Spain breaks off relations with JapanIn April 1945 Franco's Spain broke off relations with Japan, citing the murder of Spaniards in Manila. It hoped to win the Allies' favour.

May

08
- The division of Indochina at the 16th parallelOn 8 May 1945 in San Francisco the US assured France it did not dispute French sovereignty over Indochina. The 16th-parallel division was agreed in July.

June

26
- Key eventThe signing of the UN CharterOn 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, representatives of 50 states signed the Charter of the United Nations, the UN's founding act. Poland signed in October.

July

August

September

02
- Key eventThe Japanese surrender on the “Missouri”On 2 September 1945, in Tokyo Bay, Japan signed the instrument of unconditional surrender aboard USS Missouri. The Second World War was over.